A Quantum Secret Sharing Scheme Using Orbital Angular Momentum onto Multiple Spin States Based on Fibonacci Compression Encoding

Since the use of a quantum channel is very expensive for transmitting large messages, it is vital to develop an effective quantum compression encoding scheme that is easy to implement. Given that, with the single-photon spin-orbit entanglement, we propose a quantum secret sharing scheme using orbital angular momentum onto multiple spin states based on Fibonacci compression encoding. In our proposed scheme, we can represent the frequency of any secret message which is typically collection of bits encodings of text or integers as a bitstring using the base Fibonacci sequence, which is encoded multiple spin states for secret shares transmitted to participants. We demonstrate that Fibonacci compression encoding carries excellent properties that enable us to achieve more robust quantum secret sharing schemes with fewer number of photons.     

Large-Capacity Three-Party Quantum Digital Secret Sharing Using Three Particular Matrices Coding

In this paper, we develop a large-capacity quantum digital secret sharing (QDSS) scheme, combined the Fibonacci-and Lucas-valued orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement with the recursive Fibonacci and Lucas matrices. To be exact, Alice prepares pairs of photons in the Fibonacci-and Lucas-valued OAM entangled states, and then allocates them to two participants, say, Bob and Charlie, to establish the secret key. Moreover, the available Fibonacci and Lucas values from the matching entangled states are used as the seed for generating the Fibonacci and Lucas matrices. This is achieved because the entries of the Fibonacci and Lucas matrices are recursive. The secret key can only be obtained jointly by Bob and Charlie, who can further recover the secret. Its security is based on the facts that nonorthogonal states are indistinguishable, and Bob or Charlie detects a Fibonacci number, there is still a twofold uncertainty for Charlie' (Bob') detected value.     

Ten‐vertex rhodadithiaborane ­chemistry: [8‐{I(CH2)5}‐3‐(η5‐C5Me5)‐arachno‐3,7,8‐RhS2B8H9]

Neutral 8‐(5‐iodo‐n‐pentyl)‐3‐(η⁵‐penta­methyl­cyclo­pentadi­enyl)‐arachno‐3‐rhoda‐7,8‐di­thia­undecaborane, [Rh(C₅H₁₉B₈­IS₂)­(C₁₀H₁₅)], obtained from the [arachno‐7,8‐S₂B₉H₁₀]^? anion by treatment with I(CH₂)₅I followed by [Rh(C₅Me₅)Cl₂]₂ and N,N,N′,N′‐tetra­methyl‐1,8‐di­amino­naphthalene, has the 11‐vertex cluster geometry of [arachno‐7,8‐S₂B₉H₁₀]^?, but with an {Rh(C₅Me₅)} unit in the 3‐position instead of a {BH} unit, and with a –(CH₂)₅I chain attached exo to an S atom.     

Artificial neural networks for computer-aided modelling and optimisation in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

The separation process in capillary micellar electrochromatography (MEKC) can be modelled using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and optimisation of MEKC methods can be facilitated by combining ANNs with experimental design. ANNs have shown attractive possibilities for non-linear modelling of response surfaces in MEKC and it was demonstrated that by combining ANN modelling with experimental design, the number of experiments necessary to search and find optimal separation conditions can be reduced significantly. A new general approach for computer-aided optimisation in MEKC has been proposed which, because of its general validity, can also be applied in other separation techniques.     

New Scabimycins A-C Isolated from Streptomyces acidiscabies (Lu19992)

Peptide natural products displaying a wide range of biological activities have become important drug candidates over the years. Microorganisms have been a powerful source of such bioactive peptides, and Streptomyces have yielded many novel natural products thus far. In an effort to uncover such new, meaningful compounds, the metabolome of Streptomyces acidiscabies was analyzed thoroughly. Three new compounds, scabimycins A–C (1–3), were discovered, and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. The relative and absolute configurations were determined using ROESY NMR experiments and advanced Marfey’s method.     

Osmotic Coefficients and Activity Coefficients of Nonaqueous Electrolyte Solutions. Part 2. Lithium Perchlorate in the Aprotic Solvents Acetone, Acetonitrile, Dimethoxyethane, and Dimethylcarbonate

Vapor pressure lowering by the addition of lithium perchlorate to the aprotic solvents acetone (0.02–0.6 m), acetonitrile (0.05–1.2 m), dimethoxyethane (0.02–0.4 m), and dimethylcarbonate (0.03–1.8 m) was measured at 25°C with high precision. The experimental data for the corresponding osmotic coefficients are compared to those obtained from the Pitzer equations and chemical model calculations. Mean activity coefficients are derived from the osmotic coefficients.     

Osmotic Coefficients and Activity Coefficients of Nonaqueous Electrolyte Solutions. Part 4. Lithium Bromide, Tetrabutylammonium Bromide, and Tetrabutylammonium Perchlorate in Acetone

Vapor pressure lowering by the addition of lithium bromide (0.03–0.8m), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.01–0.8m), and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (0.02–3.6m) to acetone was measured at 25°C with high precision. The experimental data of the corresponding osmotic coefficients are compared to those obtained by the use of Pitzer equations and chemical model calculations. Mean activity coefficients are derived from the osmotic coefficients.     

Insektizide für die Landwirtschaft: Chemische Schädlingsbekämpfung

This article presents an overview over chemical pest control in agriculture. A general introduction is given to pests, active ingredients, biochemical modes of action and activity profiles.     

Characterizing the Typical Information Curves of Diverse Languages

Optimal coding theories of language predict that speakers will keep the amount of information in their utterances relatively uniform under the constraints imposed by their language, but how much do these constraints influence information structure, and how does this influence vary across languages? We present a novel method for characterizing the information structure of sentences across a diverse set of languages. While the structure of English is broadly consistent with the shape predicted by optimal coding, many languages are not consistent with this prediction. We proceed to show that the characteristic information curves of languages are partly related to a variety of typological features from phonology to word order. These results present an important step in the direction of exploring upper bounds for the extent to which linguistic codes can be optimal for communication.     

A Comparative Study of the Lipophilicity of Metformin and Phenformin

The results presented in this paper confirm the beneficial role of an easy-to-use and low-cost thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique for describing the retention behavior and the experimental lipophilicity parameter of two biguanide derivatives, metformin and phenformin, in both normal-phase (NP) and reversed-phase (RP) TLC systems. The retention parameters (R_F, R_M) obtained under different chromatographic conditions, i.e., various stationary and mobile phases in the NP-TLC and RP-TLC systems, were used to determine the lipophilicity parameter (R_MW) of metformin and phenformin. This study confirms the poor lipophilicity of both metformin and phenformin. It can be stated that the optimization of chromatographic conditions, i.e., the kind of stationary phase and the composition of mobile phase, was needed to obtain the reliable value of the chromatographic lipophilicity parameter (R_MW) in this study. The fewer differences in the R_MW values of both biguanide derivatives were ensured by the RP-TLC system composed of RP2, RP18, and RP18W plates and the mixture composed of methanol, propan-1-ol, and acetonitrile as an organic modifier compared to the NP-TLC analysis. The new calculation procedures for logP of drugs based on topological indices ⁰χ^ν, ⁰χ, ¹χ^ν, M, and M^ν may be a certain alternative to other algorithms as well as the TLC procedure performed under optimized chromatographic conditions. The knowledge of different lipophilicity parameters of the studied biguanides can be useful in the future design of novel and more therapeutically effective metformin and phenformin formulations for antidiabetic and possible anticancer treatment. Moreover, the topological indices presented in this work may be further used in the QSAR study of the examined biguanides.